Related Factors of Early Childhood Caries (ECC): A Literature Review
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Abstract Background: Childhood caries is a common global problem, affecting 50% of children under 12 years old. Early childhood caries is a condition where the tooth structure is damaged, impacting children's health and quality of life.
Objectives: The present study systematically reviewed a journal on factors affecting childhood caries (ECC) with bacteria, feeding bottle, diet, and frequency of toothbrushing
Method : This study is a narrative literature review that analyses 15 study articles from various countries using a thematic approach. The selected articles include quantitative, qualitative, mixed-methods, and litelatur review studies published between 2016 and 2025. The analysis was conducted through thematic classification and narrative synthesis.
Results: The review identified four key themes contributing to the causal factors of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) (1) microbiological factors; (2) dietary and eating habits; (3) oral hygiene; and (4) socioeconomic and environmental factors.
Conclusion : These findings highlight interventions regarding the incidence Early Childhood Caries (ECC).
Keywords: Early Childhood Caries (ECC), microbiological factors, dietary and eating habits, oral hygiene, socioeconomic and environmental factors.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
References
Hariyani N, Setyowati D, Listl S, Nair R. Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Teeth and Dental Care – Evidence from a Population-based Study in Indonesia. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2023;21:b3956549. doi:10.3290/J.OHPD.B3956549
Min SN, Duangthip D, Gao SS, Detsomboonrat P. Early Childhood Caries and Its Associated Factors Among 5-Year-old Myanmar Children. Frontiers in Oral Health. 2024;5:1278972. doi:10.3389/FROH.2024.1278972/BIBTEX
Kamyabi H, Kalantari P, Horri A, Abbasi F, Kalantari M. Early Childhood Caries and Associated Risk Factors among Preschool Children in Southeast Iran. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clin Integr. 2025;25:e230092. doi:10.1590/PBOCI.2025.075
Tungare S, Paranjpe AG. Early Childhood Caries. StatPearls. Published online August 8, 2023. Accessed May 7, 2025. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535349/
Meyer F, Enax J. Early Childhood Caries: Epidemiology, Aetiology, and Prevention. Int J Dent. 2018;2018:1415873. doi:10.1155/2018/1415873
Kabil NS, Eltawil S, Cvikl B, Bekes K. Prioritizing the Risk Factors of Severe Early Childhood Caries. Dentistry Journal 2017, Vol 5, Page 4. 2017;5(1):4. doi:10.3390/DJ5010004
Paglia L. Early Childhood Caries: a Family-Centred Disease. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2025;26(2):87-87. doi:10.23804/EJPD.2025.26.02.01
Fatmawati DWA. Hubungan Biofil Streptococcus Mutans Terhadap Resiko Terjadinya Karies Gigi. Hubungan Biofil Streptococcus Mutans Terhadap Resiko Terjadinya Karies Gigi.2016;8:127-130. https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/STOMA/article/download/2122/1724
Sathyanarayanan U. Caries Risk Assessment: A Critical Look. Journal of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics. 2018;3(1):22-27. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10047-0051
Setiawati F, Rina Darwita R, Gigi Masyarakat K, Kedokteran Gigi F, ProfDrMoestopo U, dan Kesehatan Gigi Masyarakat P. Hubungan Antara Ph Plak Terhadap Terjadinya Early Childhood Caries (Ecc) pada Daerah Endemik Gizi Buruk. 2016;10(1).
Nagaraj A, Vishnani P. Cariogram – A Multi-factorial Risk Assessment Software for Risk Prediction of Dental Caries. International Journal of Scientific Study. 2014;1(4):58-62. http://www.ijss-sn.com/uploads/2/0/1/5/20153321/ijss-14.pdf
Ramadhani A, Hapsoro A, Heroesoebekti R. Dental Caries Risk Factors of Childbearing-Age Mothers in Rural Village?: A Cross-sectional Study. Published online 2021:151-155. doi:10.4103/jioh.jioh
Kateeb E, Lim S, Amer S, Ismail A. Behavioral and social determinants of early childhood caries among Palestinian preschoolers in Jerusalem area: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23(1):1-13. doi:10.1186/S12903-023-02809-2/TABLES/7
Aulia R, Adhani R, Irham Taufiqurrahman IH. Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan Kesehatan Ggigi dan Mulut terhadap Kepuasan Pasien BPJS di Layanan Primer Banjarmasin. Kedokteran Gigi. 2017;II(1):95-100. http://ppjp.unlam.ac.id/journal/index.php/dentino/article/view/2608/2266
Amalia R, Chairunisa F, Alfian MF, Supartinah A. Indonesia: Epidemiological Profiles of Early Childhood Caries. Front Public Health. 2019;7(AUG):210. doi:10.3389/FPUBH.2019.00210
Lemos JA, Palmer SR, Zeng L, et al. The Biology of Streptococcus mutans. Microbiol Spectr.2019;7(1):10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0051-2018. doi:10.1128/MICROBIOLSPEC.GPP3-0051-2018
Annisa, Ahmad I. Mekanisme Fluor sebagai Kontrol Karies pada Gigi Anak. Journal of Indonesian Dental Association. 2018;1(1):63-69.