Multidimensional Determinants of Positive Childbirth Experience: A Literature Review

Abstract

A positive childbirth experience not only influences the birth process but also has long-term impacts on the mother's mental health, attachment to the baby, and breastfeeding success. Studies have shown that such experiences are shaped by a combination of clinical, emotional, social, and psychological factors. However, systematic studies that integrate these multidimensional factors across diverse cultural contexts and health systems remain limited. This study is a narrative literature review that analyses 21 study articles from various countries using a thematic approach. The selected articles include quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies published between 2014 and 2025, utilizing validated instruments such as the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) and the Birth Satisfaction Scale (BSS-R). The analysis was conducted through thematic classification and narrative synthesis. The review identified five key themes contributing to a positive childbirth experience: (1) emotional support and the presence of a companion; (2) medical interventions and clinical practices; (3) interpersonal relationships with healthcare providers; (4) midwifery service models and the childbirth environment; and (5) psychosocial factors and the mother’s internal preparedness. These factors are interrelated and influence the mother's perception of the childbirth process. A positive childbirth experience is shaped by a humanistic, woman-centered approach. Emotional support, empathetic communication, and respect for maternal autonomy are essential elements. These findings highlight the need for value-based and context-sensitive reforms in maternity care services.