FETAL MOVEMENT MONITORING PROTYPE DESIGN BASED ON NON-INVASIVE FETAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (NI FECG)
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Background: Fetal movements during pregnancy at 30 to 39 weeks are more often than at 20 to 29 weeks of gestation, this is because the frequently fetus moves the endometrium and the strength of fetal movement increases with fetal development. Non-invasive fetal electrocardiogram (NI-FECG) can be used in early pregnancy, easy to apply, and safe to use. This research aims to develop a prototype design of a fetal movement recording device based on NI-FECG
Methods: Research and development (R&D) are used to develop certain products and test the effectiveness of the product. The analysis uses literature review and qualitative tests.
Results: The various distances between the electrodes and the position of the intrauterine fetus can affect the results so that they are taken into consideration in placing the electrodes in the right position. The position of the electrode shown in the image above is recommended in the cephalic position of the fetus in late pregnancy, taking into account the reduced freedom of movement of the fetus. The use of this belt aims to monitor fetal movement with electrocardiography (ECG) at rest and while the patient is moving. The maternal abdominal signal generator used asthe processor; the processor read the maternal abdominal ECG data (CU1, 2 and 3) and output three-channel ECG signals through digital-to-analog conversion. The three-lead abdominal signals, were sent to the data receiving end of the smartphone app software, and the data processing module, processed the received data. The processed fetal ECG and heart rate were displayed on the smartphone, screen in real time.
Conclusion: The need for a proper system to monitor fetal movements in a non-clinical setup is of paramount importance in order to maintain fetal well-being. A complete system was introduced to be used by pregnant While a significant amount of effort was spent on developing the algorithm as well as the sensing system an equal amount of effort was invested in designing and implementing proper ergonomics and a user-friendly interface to the system. It was made sure that the proposed system is feasible to be implemented.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
References
2. Dhungana PR, Adhikari R, Pageni PR, Koirala A. Decreased fetal movement: Is it an alarm to Obstetrician and Pregnant Lady? Medical Journal of Pokhara Academy of Health Sciences. 2018;1(2):92–7.
3. Mangesi L, Hofmeyr GJ, Smith V, Smyth RMD. Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;2015(10).
4. Ryo E, Nishihara K, Matsumoto S, Kamata H. A new method for long-term home monitoring of fetal movement by pregnant women themselves. Medical Engineering and Physics [Internet]. 2012;34(5):566–72. Tersedia pada: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2011.09.001
5. Bioeffect Committee of the American Institute of Ultasound in Medicine. in Medicine Consensus Report on Potential Bioeffects of Diagnostic. Ultrasound. 2008;503–15.
6. Verdurmen KMJ, Lempersz C, Vullings R, Schroer C, Delhaas T, van Laar JOEH, et al. Normal ranges for fetal electrocardiogram values for the healthy fetus of 18-24 weeks of gestation: A prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth [Internet]. 2016;16(1):1–7. Tersedia pada: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-1021-x
7. de Vries JIP, Visser GHA, Prechtl HFR. The emergence of fetal behaviour. I. Qualitative aspects. Early Human Development. 1982;7(4):301–22.
8. Delaram M, Shams S. The effect of foetal movement counting on maternal anxiety: A randomised, controlled trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2016;36(1):39–43.
9. Frøen JF. A kick from within - Fetal movement counting and the cancelled progress in antenatal care. Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 2004;32(1):13–24.
10. Andreotti F, Behar J, Zaunseder S, Oster J, Clifford GD. An open-source framework for stress-testing non-invasive foetal ECG extraction algorithms. Physiological Measurement [Internet]. 2016;37(5):627–48. Tersedia pada: http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/37/5/627
11. Vullings R, Mischi M, Guid Oei S, Bergmans JWM. Novel bayesian vectorcardiographic loop alignment for improved monitoring of ECG and fetal movement. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 2013;60(6):1580–8.
12. Rooijakkers MJ, De Lau H, Rabotti C, Oei SG, Bergmans JWM, Mischi M. Fetal movement detection based on QRS amplitude variations in abdominal ECG recordings. 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC 2014. 2014;1452–5.
13. Van Laar JOEH, Warmerdam GJJ, Verdurmen KMJ, Vullings R, Peters CHL, Houterman S, et al. Fetal heart rate variability during pregnancy, obtained from non-invasive electrocardiogram recordings. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2014;93(1):93–101.
14. Martinek R, Kahankova R, Jezewski J, Jaros R, Mohylova J, Fajkus M, et al. Comparative effectiveness of ICA and PCA in extraction of fetal ECG from abdominal signals: Toward non-invasive fetal monitoring. Frontiers in Physiology. 2018;9(MAY):1–25.
15. Jagannath DJ, Selvakumar AI. Issues and research on foetal electrocardiogram signal elicitation. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control [Internet]. 2014;10(1):224–44. Tersedia pada: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2013.11.001
16. Ahmad Asrori, Mohammad Kamalul Wafi ITP dan ODSH. Rancang Bangun Portable Maternal Elektrocardiogram Berbasis Blind Source Separation untuk Monitoring Aktivitas Jantung Ibu Hamil. Jurnal Fisika. 2020;1–5.
17. Rooijakkers MJ, Song S, Rabotti C, Oei SG, Bergmans JWM, Cantatore E, et al. Influence of electrode placement on signal quality for ambulatory pregnancy monitoring. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine. 2014;2014.
18. Marchon N, Naik G, Pai R. ECG Electrode Configuration to Extract Real Time FECG Signals. Procedia Computer Science. 2018;125:501–8.
19. Garfield RE, Maner WL. Device And System For Remote For Cervical Acquisition, And Detection, Analysis, And Communication Of Maternal Uterine And Maternal And Fetal Cardiac And Fetal Brain Activity From Electrical Signals [Internet]. Vol. 2. 2004. Tersedia pada: https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/bb/21/b1/96fa5ee781c590/US6816744.pdf
20. Rodriguez CQ, Troynikov O. The Effect of Maternity Support Garments on Alleviation of Pains and Discomforts during Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Journal of Pregnancy. 2019;2019.
21. Weder M, Hegemann D, Amberg M, Hess M, Boesel LF, Abächerli R, et al. Embroidered electrode with silver/titanium coating for long-term ECG monitoring. Sensors (Switzerland). 2015;15(1):1750–9.
22. An X, Stylios GK. A hybrid textile electrode for electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement and motion tracking. Materials. 2018;11(10).
23. Kannaian T, Neelaveni R, Thilagavathi G. Design and development of embroidered textile electrodes for continuous measurement of electrocardiogram signals. Journal of Industrial Textiles [Internet]. 22 Februari 2012;42(3):303–18. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083712438069
24. Rattfält L. Smartware electrodes for ECG measurements : Design, evaluation and signal processing. Smartware electrodes for ECG measurements : Design, evaluation and signal processing. 2013.
25. Albulbul A. Evaluating major electrode types for idle biological signal measurements for modern medical technology. Bioengineering. 2016;3(3).
26. Yuan L, Yuan Y, Zhou Z, Bai Y, Wu S. A fetal ECG monitoring system based on the android smartphone. Sensors (Switzerland). 2019;19(3).